{"id":11580,"date":"2021-09-22T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-22T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/artthescience.com\/magazine\/?p=11580"},"modified":"2022-07-18T21:40:45","modified_gmt":"2022-07-19T01:40:45","slug":"features-immunofluorescence-with-derek-sung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artthescience.com\/magazine\/2021\/09\/22\/features-immunofluorescence-with-derek-sung\/","title":{"rendered":"FEATURES \u2013 Immunofluorescence with Derek Sung"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Behind the popular Instagram that\u2019s making science too lit to quit<\/em><\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There\u2019s a certain cell in the testes that looks like a black hole in outer space. I\u2019ll give you time to read that again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sertoli cell in the testes, when illuminated under a microscope, does indeed resemble the Event Horizon Telescope\u2019s internet-breaking black hole photo<\/a>. You\u2019ll find this and other light-up delights on @Immunofluorescence<\/a>, an Instagram account with over 25 thousand followers that displays spectacular images captured using a microscope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s run by Derek Sung<\/a>, an MD\/PhD candidate at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine. As part of his research, Sung uses a light microscope to study tissue at a cellular level. With the technique of immunofluorescence (more on that later), he illuminates the cells he wants to study, which happen to make for stunning photos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Against<\/a>
Sertoli Cell Cytoskeleton<\/em> (2017) by Derek Sung, microtubules (orange), confocal microscope, 63x objective
Sertoli cells have a highly structured cytoskeleton. Shown here is the microtubule cytoskeleton reminiscent of the image of a black hole taken by the NASA Event Horizon Telescope. It was an Image of Distinction at the 2021 Nikon Small World Competition<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Embryonic Heart<\/em> (2017) by Derek Sung, myocardium (yellow), endocardium and epicardium (red), nuclei (blue), confocal microscope, 40x objective
During embryonic development, the heart begins as a tube that twists and turns onto itself, forming the four chambers of the heart. The heart has three layers: the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium. The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and consists of cardiomyocytes, which collectively contract in order to pump blood.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

When Sung and I speak, he\u2019s just found a quiet spot at work. I\u2019ve caught him during a busy day\u2014Sung researches vascular development and attends to patients, as part of his program. He tells me he started @Immunofluorescence in 2017 as a shortcut to hold people\u2019s interest when he talks about what he does all day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou know, at first, I would say things like, \u2018Oh yeah, I study angiogenesis,\u2019 which\u2026for most people in science, they know that\u2019s the growth of blood vessels,\u201d Sung tells me. \u201cBut if you\u2019re literally any other normal person, you wouldn\u2019t know what that means at all!\u201d He discovered that showing people a captivating photo was a better catalyst for understanding. \u201cIt really piques their interest,\u201d Sung says. \u201cOtherwise, if you just kind of talk to them, their eyes glaze over, and they kind of nod at the end.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With its luminous colours and mesmerizing patterns, the account has the effect of a porch light on a moth\u2014it draws you right in. Sung has included in the photos\u2019 captions succinct and playful explanations of what you\u2019re seeing (I\u2019m particularly fascinated by a photo of what looks like ghostly underwater caves but is, in fact, a mouse\u2019s colon<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"An<\/a>
Retina<\/em> (2020) by Derek Sung, blood vessels (depth pseudocolor), confocal microscope, 20x objective
The eye is a highly vascularized organ with thousands of tiny blood vessels. This is because the eyes are actually a highly metabolically active area, with lots of nerves and cells that receive outside signals in the form of light that must be transmitted to the brain and turned into an image.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

So what is immunofluorescence and how does it work? Our immune system makes antibodies, proteins that hunt down things that shouldn\u2019t be in our bodies, like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Once they find their target, antibodies bind to it and try to destroy it. And scientists can create antibodies with one specific mission\u2014target a particular kind of protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To keep track of their special antibodies\u2019 mission status, scientists attach to them \u201ctags\u201d called fluorophores. Fluorophores are molecules that emit a specific colour when excited with a laser or other light source. Put a cell full of special antibodies under a microscope with a light source and ta-da<\/em> immunofluorescence! Scientists can light up different parts of a cell in different colours, which allows them to identify those parts and figure out what\u2019s going on in there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sung explains that immunofluorescence is a \u201cbread and butter\u201d technique of molecular biology that he learned during his undergraduate degree at Cornell University. But only when he started doing multiple targets for one tissue section, which resulted in different colours under the microscope, did the beauty of the images strike him. \u201cEven in the failed experiments, I was like, this still looks pretty, you know, this looks cool!\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Against<\/a>
Adult Lung<\/em> by Derek Sung, type 1 alveolar cells (orange), type 2 alveolar cells (purple), YFP (green), nuclei (cyan), confocal microscope, 20x objective
Lungs contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. These alveoli are lined by razor thin cells called type 1 alveolar cells and mediate gas exchange. Type 2 cells produce a substance called surfactant, which is similar to soap and reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Sertoli Cells<\/em> (2017) by Derek Sung, myosin (gray), microtubules (orange), nuclei (cyan), confocal microscope, 63x objective
Sertoli cells provide structure and nutrients to developing germ cells, which eventually become sperm. Within these cells, the cytoskeleton maintains this structural integrity and is therefore critical for Sertoli cell function and fertility.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Developing Testes<\/em> (2017) by Derek Sung, Sertoli cells (blue and green), nuclei (red), confocal microscope, 40x objective
The majority of testes maturation occurs after an individual is born and is complete at around maturity. Shown here is an image of immature mouse testes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Although there\u2019s plenty of room for things to go wrong in such a multi-step process, Sung tells me it\u2019s pretty efficient. \u201cIf I’m working with a piece of tissue, and\u2026if I start the immunofluorescence on Monday, I can have an image by the end of Tuesday.\u201d He\u2019ll make some brightness, contrast, and colour adjustments to the image, and then it\u2019s ready to post. He won\u2019t ever set up an image for the sole purpose of Instagram; it\u2019s always the result of pursuing an answer to a biological question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I ask Sung if he has a favourite tissue to image. He tells me that he\u2019s a fan of the heart, the cytoskeleton, and, though he knows it\u2019s \u201ckind of gross,\u201d the testes (which is, of course, how he got his incredible \u201cblack hole\u201d photo, and I got my introduction for this article).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Though he\u2019s been inducted into the sciart community as a microscopy artist, Sung tells me he\u2019s still hesitant to accept the label. \u201cAs I was doing social media and doing the Instagram thing, people would DM me\u2026and be like, \u2018Oh, so as a scientist and an artist,\u2019 and I\u2019m like, whoa, wait, \u2018an artist,\u2019 are you sure? But it kind of feels like over time that community has kind of claimed me, which I\u2019m happy to be a part of, but it\u2019s just never something I would have really ascribed to myself.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
Adult Testes<\/em> (2017) by Derek Sung, Sertoli cells (grey), acrosome (green), nuclei (red), confocal microscope, 40x objective
As sperm mature, they develop an \u201cacrosome\u201d which contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes are release when the sperm makes contact with an egg and helps with the process of fertilization.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

But Sung has certainly made a mark on the community. He\u2019s just been distinguished with an Image of Distinction in the acclaimed Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition<\/a>, was an Honourable Mention of the Olympus Image of the Year Award<\/a> in 2020, and had not one<\/a> but two<\/a> Cell Picture Shows dedicated to his work in Cell Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Sung, it\u2019s about more than impressive photos and entertaining an audience. He wants to make science accessible and encourage us to understand and engage with processes that happen around and inside us all the time. Once we’re drawn in by the eye-grabbing explosions of colour, he hopes we’ll stay for the biology. \u201c\u2018This is something that\u2019s literally happening inside of my body probably right now\u2026. I didn\u2019t know that\u2019s how our bodies worked,\u2019\u201d Sung says, voicing what he hopes a viewer may think upon spending some time on the page. \u201cThey\u2019re discovering things basically about themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Three<\/a>
Skin Fibroblasts<\/em> (2017), by Derek Sung, actin (yellow), myosin (red), microtubules (cyan), confocal microscope, 63x objective
Skin fibroblasts are responsible for making matrix proteins, such as collagen, which gives skin its structure and elasticity.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Endothelial Cells<\/em> (2018) by Derek Sung, actin (green), cell-cell adhesion (blue), nuclei (red), confocal microscope, 20x objective
Endothelial cells line our vessels to protect them. When the vessels are injured, endothelial cells release signals that recruit platelets to form a clot and stop the bleeding.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

When I tell Sung that I found @Immunofluorescence cool, clear, and educational, he puts his hands over his heart and smiles widely. \u201cI’m so happy you said that! Because that’s totally been my goal. And demystifying, I think, a lot of things surrounding science. I really think it’s something everyone would find interesting, and it’s something everyone should kind of understand.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says he would like visitors to come away with an appreciation of the inherent beauty in nature, and with an understanding that science is not a sterile field without room for creativity. \u201cThat\u2019s really not the case,\u201d Sung explains. \u201cScience is really in flux.\u201d The COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s glaring display of how much distrust there is in science, even science with heaps of evidence, affected Sung deeply. \u201cI think a lot of that comes down to how we present science and how we\u2019re able to communicate it, right?\u201d Sung continues. \u201cI don\u2019t want anyone ever to feel like they should be ashamed of asking a question or embarrassed to ask a question. This is the whole point of, essentially, my account!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
Kidneys<\/em> (2018), by Derek Sung, glomeruli (magenta), podocytes (yellow), confocal microscope, 40x objective
Glomeruli are the filtering units of the kidney that help create urine. They are lined by \u201cpodocytes,\u201d which are named as such because they have little \u201cfeet\u201d that help create a filter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Check out @Immunofluorscence here<\/a>. Derek Sung also co-hosts a podcast, Beyond the Abstract<\/a>, where he continues to make science fun and accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*
All images and explanations in image captions courtesy of Derek Sung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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